This series mainly includes the Oriental Directories designed to acquaint both local and foreign entrepreneurs with commercial activities in the main trade centers established within the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. They constitute important sources of information for those focusing specifically on the socio-economic and commercial life throughout Ottoman territories during the second half of the 19th century, and in Turkey until the 1940’s. To these were added other types of yearbooks as those published by the state (salname), financial or medical ones.